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Psychosurgery most likely began with burr holes in skulls for mystical causes over a millennium ago. Modern psychosurgery is concerned with the determination of disordered brain structures at the levels of neurons and neuronal populations in brain mapping by creating mathematical formulations and treatment. Psychosurgery aims to regain systematic and comprehensive brain functions via minimally invasive nondestructive neurosurgical applications. Psychosurgery is indicated for treatment-refractory major mental illnesses such as depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia and others. Neurostimulative methods are preferred to neuroablative methods.
Neurons have highly complex morphological, electrophysiological, and biochemical properties as reşected in many psychomotor functions, continuation of mental homeostasis, repertoire of activity patterns and multiple signaling pathways. Morphologically, neurochemically and electrophysiologically heterogeneous neuron groups project to the cerebral cortex, deep brain structures, brain stem, spinal cord and autonomous ganglia. These highly complex ascending and descending pathways participate in different functions, including cognition, motivation, emotion, speech, calculation, memory and autonomic regulation.
Disorders of neuronal populations can cause neuropsychiatric illnesses. Neurostimulative applications are the most useful treatment methods for intractable cases. However, in experimental studies, stem cells and teacher neurons specifically educated by computerised mediums have begun to be implantated into the brain for education and stimulation of dysfunctional neuron groups.
Psychosurgery has been directed to neurocomputer interfacing technologies. Hybride neuroelectric devices, neuromimetic protheses, sonic and photonic multichip modules, biotic-abiotic neuromodulators, bio-robotics and reconfigurable neural nanodevices have shown promise for future excellent treatment strategies for mental illnesses.