Neuronal membranes are composed of phospholipids containing large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially the omega-3 and omega-6 acids. Because humans cannot manufacture these de novo, they are "essential" in the diet. Membrane stability is essential for neuronal maturation as well as for advanced integrated central system activities including attention, alertness and motor coordination. PUFA are critically important for normal brain development and functioning. During fetal life, large amounts of PUFA are deposited in the central nervous system. During infancy, dietary intake of PUFA, both omega-3 and omega-6 acids, continues to be essential for neural development.
PUFA are metabolized to prostaglandins and other eicosanoids, which modify many metabolic processes and immune functions. They moderate dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine release, regulate gene transcription and Na-K-ATPase channel function. There is increasing evidence that omega acids play a part in many neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity, dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder and autism spectrum disorders.
The focus of this speech will be on the effects of PUFA supplementation on pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders.